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A Polish scholar and author; born at Kalisz, Sept. 10, 1805; died at Washington, D. C., May 4, 1866. In early life he was a leading Polish patriot, and an instigator of the revolution of 1830. Later he became an advocate of Panslavism, and was employed in Russia. In 1841 he left the latter country and studied in Berlin, and in Bern, Switzerland. In 1849 he came to the United States, and from 1861 to 1863 was a translator in the State Department at Washington. Among his works, several of which were written in French and German, are: "Civilization and Russia" (1840); "Panslavism" (1848); "Russia as It Is" (1854); "The Turkish Question" (1854); "My Diary: Notes on the Civil War" (1862 to 1866).